{"id":60,"date":"2025-03-13T09:46:20","date_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:46:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/?p=60"},"modified":"2025-03-13T09:47:00","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:47:00","slug":"tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai-why-nations-fail","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/?p=60","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? (Why Nations Fail)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i?<\/em> (Why Nations Fail) c\u1ee7a Daron Acemoglu v\u00e0 James A. Robinson l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xoay quanh l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u00ecm trong ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m: Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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  • T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.\n
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    • Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m (inclusive institutions):<\/strong> Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t (extractive institutions):<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, k\u00ecm h\u00e3m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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      • M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c “b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng” (critical junctures) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        3. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 bao tr\u00f9m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          4. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0:\n
              \n
            • S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9: B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m, trong khi Nam M\u1ef9 duy tr\u00ec th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n: Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec, k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Anh: M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              5. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n:<\/strong> Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? (Why Nations Fail) c\u1ee7a Daron Acemoglu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=60"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60\/revisions\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=60"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexnguyens.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}